HalloweenHoliday SeasonArt & Culture

Halloween: History, Art, and Celebrations

Daria
2024.10.01

Cover image: Danse Macabre, Michael Wolgemut, 1493, woodcut, dimensions vary, from the Nuremberg Chronicle

ハロウィンは​世界中で​よく​知られた​人気の​ある​お祭りですが、​その​起源や​歴史、​アートの​中で​どんな​表現を​されてきたか、​考えた​ことは​ありますか?​
Halloween is a well-known and popular holiday worldwide, but have you ever wondered about its origins and how it has been represented in art across different cultures and historical periods?

ハロウィンの​起源は​非常に​古く、​宗教的な​基盤を​持っており、​サウィン祭​(Samhain)と​いう​ケルトの​祝祭に​遡ります。​この​祭りは​収穫を​迎え、​先祖を​敬うことに​捧げられています。​9世紀頃、​キリスト教が​アイルランドや​スコットランドに​広がると、​この​異教の​祭りは​キリスト教の​祝いに​再構成されました。​この​影響に​より、​「オールハロウズイブ​(All Hallows’ Eve)」と​いう​名前に​変更され、​最終的には​現代の​「ハロウィン」へと​変化し、​キリスト教徒の​ために​教会の​すべての​聖人を​祝う​お祭りと​なりました。​
ハロウィンは​18世紀後半に​アイルランド系移民を​通じて​アメリカに​到着し、​20世紀後半に​なって​ようやく​日本に​輸入されました。​それ以来、​主流の​ポップな​イベントと​なり、​ほとんどの​宗教的意味合いは​失われましたが、​恐ろしい​雰囲気は​残っています。​

The roots of Halloween are quite ancient and have a religious basis, dating back to the festival of Samhain, a Celtic celebration dedicated to welcoming the harvest and honouring ancestors. Around the Ninth century, as Christianity spread in Ireland and Scotland, this pagan festivity was reframed as a Christian celebration. This influence led to the name changing to “All Hallows’ Eve”, which eventually morphed into “Halloween” in modern times, becoming an occasion to celebrate all the saints of the church for Christians.
Halloween arrived in America through the Irish later during the Eighteenth century, and it was not until the second half of the Twentieth century that it was then imported to Japan. Since then, this holiday has become a pop and mainstream event which has lost most of its religious connotation, but not its spooky atmosphere!

Large mural painting depicting a dark gathering of witches around a goat figure, representing themes of superstition and the supernatural, by Francisco de Goya.

Witches’ Sabbath, Francisco de Goya, 1821–1823, oil on plaster wall (transferred to canvas), dimensions: 140.5 × 435.7 cm (56 × 172 in), Museo del Prado, Madrid.

日本に​おける​ハロウィンの​人気は​2000年代に、​東京ディズニーランドや​ユニバーサル・スタジオ・ジャパンなどの​著名な​テーマパークを​通じて​爆発的に​広まりました。​それ以来、​お祭りは​拡大し、​色とりどりの​野外パーティーが​開催され、​さまざまな​コスチュームが​大都市の​通りを​練り歩いています。​しかし、​2023年以降、​渋谷や​新宿などの​東京の​特定の​地域では​安全上の​理由から​街頭イベントが​制限されています。​クリエイティブに​ハロウィンを​祝いたい方、​友達と​安全で​楽しい​環境で​乾杯したい方は、​ぜひArtbar Tokyoに​お越しください​!

The popularity of Halloween in Japan exploded in the 2000s through renowned theme parks, such as Tokyo Disney and Universal Studios Japan. Since then, celebrations have expanded, featuring colorful outdoor parties where costumes of all kinds parade through the streets of major cities. However, since 2023 there have been restrictions in certain areas of Tokyo, such as Shibuya and Shinjuku, which have reduced street events for safety reasons. If you want to celebrate Halloween creatively and raise a toast with your friends in a safe and fun environment, join us at Artbar Tokyo!

現代の​ハロウィンは​比較的新しい​祝いですが、​死、​精神性、​そして​来世を​象徴する​概念ははるかに​古い​ものです。​何世紀にも​わたり、​さまざまな​繰り返される​テーマや​芸術形式が​これらの​トピックを​探求してきました。​たとえば、​中世の​ヨーロッパでは、​「死の​勝利」や​「死の​舞踏」などの​不気味な​表現が​制作され、​命ある​世界と​死者の​世界との​出会いを​描く​ことを​意図していました。​そこで、​死は​常に​優位に​立っていました。​これらの​作品は、​ラテン語で​「死ななければならない​ことを​忘れるな」と​いう​意味の​メメント・モリ​(Memento Mori)と​して​機能し、​私たち全員が​死に​直面する​運命に​ある​ことを​思い起こさせる​ものでした。​この​概念は、​日本文学に​由来する​「ものの​あわれ」と​いう​有名な​日本の​考え方を​思い起こさせます。​これは​儚さと​無常を​示し、​すべての​人が​死ぬ運命に​あり、​すべての​ものには​終わりが​ある​ことを​思い出させます。​

While modern Halloween is a relatively recent celebration, the concepts of death, spirituality and the afterlife it embodies are much more ancient. Throughout the centuries, various recurring themes and artistic forms have explored these topics. For instance, during the Middle Ages in Europe, macabre representations such as “The Triumph of Death” and “The Dance of Death,” were produced, intended to depict the encounter between the world of the living and the dead, where death always prevailed. These artworks served as a Memento Mori (from Latin, meaning “remember you must die”), a reminder that we are all destined to face death no matter what. This concept might recall the famous Japanese notion of Mono No Aware, an expression originated from Japanese literature that denotes transience and impermanence, reminding us that everyone is fated to die and all things come to an end.

An 18th-century painting depicting the Dance Macabre, showcasing skeletal figures dancing with the living, symbolizing the universality of death and the fleeting nature of life.

A detail from an 18th-century oil painting depiction of the Dance of Death, 72 x 55 cm, Wellcome collection, London

多くの​現代アーティストも​また、​より​暗く​不安を​引き起こすテーマに​取り​組んでいます。​注目すべき例と​して、​ヘンリック・フュッスリが​挙げられます。​彼は​夢のような​ロマンチックな​雰囲気の​中で、​悪夢のような​シーンや​暴力的な​イメージを​描きました。​もう​一人の​象徴的な​アーティストは​フランシスコ・ゴヤで、​彼の​鋭く​グロテスクな​スタイルは、​数多くの​魔女狩りや​残酷な​行為を​描写しました。​

Many modern artists have also delved into darker and more unsettling themes. A remarkable example is Heinrich Füssli, who illustrated nightmarish scenes and violent imagery with a oneiric and romantic atmosphere. Another emblematic artist is Francisco Goya, whose incisive and grotesque style portrayed numerous acts of witchcraft and cruelty.

Henry Fuseli (1741–1825) The Nightmare 1781 Oil on canvas. Oil painting depicting a woman in a deep sleep, with a menacing incubus perched on her chest and a ghostly horse looming in the background, illustrating themes of fear and the subconscious.

The Nightmare, Heinrich Füssli (or Henry Fuseli), 1781, oil on canvas, dimensions: 101.6 cm × 127.6 cm, Detroit Institute of Arts

Oil painting depicting a gathering of witches around a large goat figure, symbolizing dark themes of superstition and fear of the supernatural, by Francisco de Goya.

Witches’ Sabbath (The Great He-Goat), Francisco de Goya, 1789, oil on canvas, dimensions: 121 cm × 280 cm, Prado Museum, Madrid.

興味深いことに、​非常に​人気の​ある​アーティストの​中にも、​より​不気味な​作品が​あまり​知られていない​ものが​あります。​たとえば、​著名な​ポスト印象派の​アーティストである​フィンセント・ファン・ゴッホは、​初期の​キャリアで​「燃える​タバコを​くわえた​骸骨」を​描きました。​同様に、​メキシコの​アーティストフリーダ・カーロも​死を​テーマにし、​象徴やより​明示的な​表現を​用いました。​メキシコの​ポップカルチャーに​おいて、​死は​根本的な​要素であり、​有名な​死者の​日​(Día de los Muertos)に​見られます。​この​メキシコの​祝日は、​亡くなった​人を​敬う​ための​色とりどりの​祭りが​特徴で、​ハロウィン特有の​陰鬱で​不気味な​雰囲気とは​対照的に、​楽しく​活気に​満ちた​雰囲気を​持っています。​死者の​日には、​人々が​頭蓋骨に​インスパイアされた​顔を​ペイントし、​亡くなった​人の​魂に​食べ物や​色とりどりの​花を​捧げます。​私たちアートバーでは、​喜びを​もって​祝う​ことが​大好きなので、​死者の​日を​テーマに​した​クラスも​開催します!​

Interestingly, there are also extremely popular artists whose more macabre works are not particularly well known. For instance, the renowned post-impressionist artist Vincent Van Gogh painted “Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette” in his early career. Similarly, the Mexican artist Frida Kahlo addressed the theme of death, employing both symbolism and more explicit representations. In Mexican popular culture, death is a fundamental element, as we see in the famous Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead). This Mexican holiday is characterized by vibrant festivities to honor the deceased, which carries a joyful and lively atmosphere that contrasts with the gloomy and spooky vibe typical of Halloween. During Día de los Muertos, people paint their faces inspired by skulls and offer food and colorful flowers to the souls of the departed. Here at Artbar Tokyo, where we love to celebrate with joy, we will also celebrate Día de los Muertos with a themed class!

Vincent Van Gogh: Head of a skeleton burning cigarette. A skeleton, turned 45 degrees to the right and rendered only from shoulders and above. The skull clenches a lit cigarette between its teeth. The painting is rendered in somber tones of ivory, brown, and black, in thick yet detailed brushstrokes that reveal the texture of the canvas in places.

Skeleton with Burning Cigarette, Vincent van Gogh, 1886, oil on canvas, dimensions: 60.3 cm × 50.2 cm, private collection. From 4 October 2024 until 26 January 2025 this painting is on view in the exhibition “Gothic Modern: From Darkness to Light” at the Atheneum Art Museum, Helsinki, Finland.

Dia de los muertos class at Artbar Tokyo, with people showing colorfull skulls they painted

日本の​芸術の​歴史に​おいても、​死、​霊、​そして​来世を​想起させる​恐ろしい​シンボルが​豊富に​存在します。​この​伝統は、​幽霊​(ゆうれい)や​妖怪​(ようかい)の​図像学に​特に​顕著であり、​浮世絵​(うきよえ)に​頻繁に​描かれています。​「歌川国芳の​骸骨に​立ち向かう​光国」や​「北斎の​皿屋敷」などの​アイコニックな​傑作は、​死を​テーマに​した​恐ろしい​シンボルが​民間伝承の​一部であり、​日本の​美術史で​表現されている​素晴らしい​例です。​

Even in the history of Japanese art, there is an abundance of frightening symbols that evoke themes of death, spirits, and the afterlife. This tradition is particularly evident in the iconography of yūrei (ghosts) and yōkai (supernatural creatures), which are frequently depicted in Ukiyo-e (woodblock prints). Iconic masterpieces such as “Mitsukuni Defying the Skeleton” by Utagawa Kuniyoshi and “Sarayashiki” by Hokusai are great examples of how deadly and scary symbols are part of folklore and are represented in Japanese art history.

Mitsukuni Defying the Skeleton Ghost, Kuniyoshi. Woodblock print depicting Mitsukuni confronting a skeletal ghost, showcasing Kuniyoshi's dynamic style and themes of bravery and the supernatural in Japanese folklore.

Mitsukuni Defying the Skeleton Ghost, Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 1850, woodblock print, dimensions: 36.5 cm × 25.2 cm, private collection.

Sarayashiki (The House of Broken Plates) by Hokusai. Woodblock print illustrating the eerie scene of Sarayashiki, featuring a ghostly figure and broken plates, reflecting themes of hauntings and the supernatural in Japanese folklore by Hokusai."

Sarayashiki (The House of Broken Plates), Katsushika Hokusai, 1835, woodblock print, dimensions: 25.7 cm × 37.8 cm, private collection.

この​ハロウィンシーズンに​関連する​陰鬱で​魅力的な​アート作品を​描く​意外な​多様な​アーティストを​見てきましたが、​私たちが​実際に​会うのを​楽しみに​している​現代の​アーティストもいます。​そう、​あなたの​ことを​話しているのです!​神秘的な​風景を​描きたいのか、​死者の​日の​スタイルで​明るい​ポートレートを​描きたいのか、​Artbar Tokyoで​一緒に​スプーキーな​シーズンを​祝うのを​楽しみに​しています!​

We’ve seen several unexpected and diverse artists portraying gloomy and fascinating art pieces related to this Halloween season, but there are contemporary artists we can’t wait to meet in person: Yes, we’re talking about you! No matter whether you want to paint a mysterious landscape or a cheerful portrait in the style of Día de los Muertos, we look forward to seeing you at Artbar Tokyo to celebrate the spooky season together!

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